Block Characteristics and Severity of Hypotension †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sitting Versus Right Lateral Position During Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: Block Characteristics and Severity of Hypotension. Answer: Introduction: Rationale and Justification One of the common phenomenon encountered in cesarean delivery is hypotension among the expecting mother upon the administration of combined spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE) (Oh et al. 2014). Imbalance in maternal blood pressure is associated with poor pregnancy outcome along with the occurrence of the fetal distress and stillbirth (Mercier et al. 2013). The most commonly used process in surgical maternity care or anesthesia is combined spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE) in lateral position. However, spinal anesthesia is commonly associated with the maternal hypotension (Wang et al. 2015). However, anesthesia is crucial before the initiation of the cesarean delivery (Simmons et al. 2012). The assignment aims to provide critical analysis of a paper, which is based on the effect of combined spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE) on maternal hypotension. The findings of the study will be helpful for the surgical health care professionals towards improving surgical settings in cesesearean delivery. The results will also be helpful for the nurses to provide quality care to their patients and at the same time will be helpful for the doctors to reduce the possible threats coming from the maternal hypotension to the baby and te mother. Search strategy The review of literature was conducted based on the relevant articles, which were selected from the PubMed database electronically. The principal keywords that are used for the search include cesarean delivery AND spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE) AND hypotension AND right lateral position AND sitting position AND Other associated keywords include, randomized study AND anesthesia. Only studies, which are designed over the human placebo during the last 20 years, were chosen for the study. According to Parahoo et al. (2006) the selection of the keywords should be based on the topic of the research. The abstracts of the studies selected based on the keyword search were thoroughly studied in order to ascertain the relevancy of the topic. The detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were taken into consideration while studying the abstracts of the research papers, are discussed below. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Studies carried on human primate Studies carried on non-human primates like mice or rat Studies carried on elective cesarean delivery Studies carried on normal delivery or compulsory cesarean delivery Health women, first time pregnant Women suffering from high or low blood pressure, obesity, blood sugar or diabetes, hypertension or multiple pregnancies The paper was chosen for critique because, numerous techniques, which were used to treat spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension, was found to be ineffective in high risk patients. According to the study carried by Kee et al. (2010) supported that decreased use of the crystalloid prehydration along with ephedrine and increase application of the cohydration colloids, phenylephrine and small spinal disease is found to limit the chance of hypotension. However, Kee et al. (2010) also claimed that further research is required to be undertaken in order to evaluate the efficacy of this intervention among the high-risk patients and demanded novel monitoring techniques for further evaluation. The use of phenylephrine was contradicted in the research carried by George et al. (2010). George et al. (2010), is of the opinion that use of phenylephrine must be restricted among the patients in order to prevent spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension. Therefore, in order to side-pass this contradiction, Coppejans et al. (2006) conducted a research with change in the posture while administration of the combined spinal anesthesia. This research aims to prevent the use of the any other additional drug in order to reduce the rate of hypotension rather employs the change of posture in order to optimized the process. Critique The research conducts a random study over the women with full term gestation and elective cesarean delivery in order to evaluate the quality of the anesthesia and hemodynamics effect in sitting position Vs right lateral position during the process of spinal injection as a part of the spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSE) technique. The title of the study clearly describes the aim of the study and the chosen group over which the study is designed to be conducted. This framing of the title as used in the study of Coppejans et al. (2006) clearly goes with the concept stated in the paper of Parahoo et al. (2006). According to Parahoo et al. (2006), an ideal study title should be framed in such a way that it represents both the target group of the study and its selected aim. The abstract of the study is also concise and to the point. The research question of the study is clearly stated both at the abstract and in the main body of the paper. According to Parahoo et al. (2006), the clarity in the research question makes the study more enriched. According to Suresh and Chandrashekara (2012), determination of the sample size is an important part of the study because it helps to determine the importance of the statistical analysis. The study conducted by Coppejans et al. (2006), selected 60 women who are in their full-term gestation and have chosen cesarean delivery. Out of these, two women were excluded from each group due to technical complications. This clear notification about the number and the nature of the focus group again goes with the concept sated by Parahoo et al. (2006) that determination of the sample size helps in the enhancement of the external accuracy of the experiment while retaining its universality. The study however, failed to clearly state whether the patients blinded or not. According to Parahoo et al. (2006), blinding is an important part of random trial. It is done in order to avoid or to prevent unconscious and conscious bias. In this stidy, the anesthesiologists who were responsible for the further evaluation of the patient following the anesthesia were unaware about the position of the selected placement of the block. The placement of the block was recruited by the colleague who had earlier performed CSE (Coppejans et al. 2006). According to Greenhalgh (2014), this approach provides two different meaning of measuring the outcomes that can subsequently reduce the chance of bias while increase the accuracy of the findings. The exclusion criteria, which were selected while choosing the prospective focus group is clearly stated in the study. The study here excluded women who are suffering from diabetes, preeclampsia, obesity, hypertension and multiple pregnancies. According to Ross (2012), the criteria of inclusion and exclusion must be clearly stated. Greenhalgh (2014) further opined that determination of these guidelines helps to increase the accuracy of the study. The study also followed the proper ethical regulations that are required to carry out randomize control study upon human placebos (Thompson et al. 2006). The study conducted by Coppejans et al. (2006) has initiated the study only after taking approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee along with the written consent from the participating patients. Taking consent thus goes in the favor of the ethical principle of autonomy and informed decision-making (Parahoo 2006). The following research aim goes in the favor of the ethical principle of non-malfeasance which states that the healthcare professionals must not provide ineffective treatment that may harm the patient. Moreover, the study does not disclose the response rate (that is how many patients refused to participate in the research), information in the paper (Parahoo 2006). Both the demographic of the patients who are included under the category of the sitting and the lateral position were kept identical and this gain helps in the improvement of the overall accuracy and validity of the outcomes (Parahoo 2006). Ross (2011) provided further explanation on this ground, accuracy along with dependability of all the tests can be increased through proper handling of the participating individual in an identical manner. This helps in reducing the influence of the confounding variables. Statistical analysis in this paper was done via using unpaired two-tailed Student-t-test and Fishers exact test. Salkind (2016) stated that this process ensures that the data is evaluated in a stringent manner. Ross (2012) further opined that application of more than one tests is useful to perform the comparison while recording the adverse events between the two groups. It is the role of the investigator to highlight the results of the research that are directed towards the research questions (Young and Langford 2013). Coppejans et al. 2006 vividly described their results in text format and then illustrated the same in tabular format. However, the research failed to highlight the results in graphical format to represent the comparison and these where the researcher lacked in his data representation (Young and Langford 2013). Parahoo (2006) emphasized that research authors must be capable of discussing the limitations of their own study. However, the study of Coppejans et al. (2006) failed to highlight their research limitations. One of the major limitations of the study is, it does not give a clear indication of the reason behind the reduced rate of severity of hypotension in sitting position of combined spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE). Study of Coppejans et al. (2006) concluded that CSE technique when done for cesarean delivery in sitting position induced less severe hypotension and is easier to perform in comparison to right lateral position. The statement was backed by significant statistical results. P value of 0.05 was taken to be significant. On the basis on this statistical analysis it was found that incidence of hypotension was 11 (40%) among the lateral group patients and 5 (18%) among the sitting group with a statistical value of (P=0.1; statistically insignificant). However, the time from CSE towards first encounter of hypotension between the two groups provided statistically significant results (P=0.002). Physiological Implications Hypotension post anesthesia during the cesarean delivery may impose fatal threats over the expecting mother as it increases the risk of cardiovascular accident with an increase in heart rate. The hemodynamic stability is the best possible outcome in order to fight against the threat of hypertension (Veeser et al. 2012). The CSE when given under sitting position help reduce the threat of hypotension. However, the research carried by Hwang et al. (2012), however, stated a different view. According to them, during the process of spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery, maintenance of the lateral position for about 6 minutes after the process of intrathecal injection done by hyperbaric bupivacaine results in higher and gradual occurrence of the sensory block. Moreover, this is not associated with any significant increase in the incidence of the maternal hypotension (Hwang et al. 2012). According to the Royal College of Anesthetists (2016), team of anesthetists is responsible for ensuring the safety and the patients. This ground of patient safety and comfort also falls under the duty of the team of nurses operating the patient. The results as elucidated by Coppejans et al. (2006) will help the nurse to provide continuous support to the mother during the childbirth via adjusting the posture before anesthesia. This continuous support will come in the form of resting the mother in a comfortable position, reducing the discomfort arising out of hypotension and complication among child after birth. This again goes with the findings of Hodnett et al. (2012) that state that continuous support during labor pain of a woman is essential to provide clinical benefits to the women and infants with no significant harm. The continuous support also comes in the form of pain relief, which is attributed through the sitting posture of the anesthetic therapy. No harm to the child is rep resented via significant Apgar score. Apgar score is a contemporary practice that is used to predict the survival of the infant starting from the neonatal to the postnatal period (Li et al. 2013). Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that combined spinal-epiduralanesthesia (CSE) in a sitting position is helpful in achieving better anesthetic block among the cesarean patients. It has helps to reduce the severity of hypertension. The limited and slower spread of the sensory block is hypothesized to be the reason behind the decreased severity of the hypotension. However, the selection of the process of anesthesia must be based on the preference of choice of patient based on her level of comfort, physical characteristic and on the baricity of the drugs used in the process. Other associated health factors must also be considered before taking the decision in favor of the aesthetic agent. References Checketts, M.R., Alladi, R., Ferguson, K., Gemmell, L., Handy, J.M., Klein, A.A., Love, N.J., Misra, U., Morris, C., Nathanson, M.H. and Rodney, G.E., 2016. 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